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        <blockquote>
<h2 id="前言"><a href="#前言" class="headerlink" title="前言"></a>前言</h2></blockquote>
<p>之前的文章描述了蓝鲸开发框架的基础指南，以下将继续上文，讲述蓝鲸开发框架的进阶使用，包括登陆与用户对接、数据库配置、Django的配置修改，和中间件及公共方法。</p>
<a id="more"></a>

<h1 id="开发框架使用进阶"><a href="#开发框架使用进阶" class="headerlink" title="开发框架使用进阶"></a>开发框架使用进阶</h1><h2 id="登录模块"><a href="#登录模块" class="headerlink" title="登录模块"></a>登录模块</h2><h3 id="豁免登录"><a href="#豁免登录" class="headerlink" title="豁免登录"></a>豁免登录</h3><p>目前所有的 view 访问全部强制要求登录鉴权, 用户可以豁免一些 view 的登录限制，主要用于对外提供 API。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> blueapps.account.decorators <span class="keyword">import</span> login_exempt</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">@login_exempt</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">myview</span><span class="params">(request)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="string">"hello world"</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h2 id="User-Model-获取-amp-使用方式"><a href="#User-Model-获取-amp-使用方式" class="headerlink" title="User Model 获取 &amp; 使用方式"></a>User Model 获取 &amp; 使用方式</h2><h3 id="获取-User-Model"><a href="#获取-User-Model" class="headerlink" title="获取 User Model"></a>获取 User Model</h3><p>通过 <code>from blueapps.account import get_user_model</code> 可得到 User Model</p>
<h3 id="User-方法属性说明"><a href="#User-方法属性说明" class="headerlink" title="User 方法属性说明"></a>User 方法属性说明</h3><ul>
<li>username</li>
</ul>
<p>用户唯一标识，如 QQ 号</p>
<ul>
<li>nickname</li>
</ul>
<p>用于前端展示的用户名，如 QQ 昵称</p>
<ul>
<li>avatar_url</li>
</ul>
<p>用户头像 URL</p>
<ul>
<li>get_full_name</li>
</ul>
<p>用于前端展示的完整用户名，如 QQ 昵称</p>
<h3 id="User-扩展属性说明"><a href="#User-扩展属性说明" class="headerlink" title="User 扩展属性说明"></a>User 扩展属性说明</h3><ul>
<li>get_property(key)</li>
</ul>
<p>用户获取水平扩展属性</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> blueapps.account <span class="keyword">import</span> get_user_model</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">user = get_user_model().objects.get(username=xxx)</span><br><span class="line">user.get_property(key)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ul>
<li>set_property(key,value)</li>
</ul>
<p>用户设置水平扩展属性</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> blueapps.account <span class="keyword">import</span> get_user_model</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">user = get_user_model().objects.get(username=xxx)</span><br><span class="line">user.set_property(key, value)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="在模板中使用-User-作为外键"><a href="#在模板中使用-User-作为外键" class="headerlink" title="在模板中使用 User 作为外键"></a>在模板中使用 User 作为外键</h3><figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> django.conf <span class="keyword">import</span> settings</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> django.db <span class="keyword">import</span> models</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">SomeModel</span><span class="params">(models.Model)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    person = models.ForeignKey(settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL, verbose_name=<span class="string">u"用户"</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h3 id="Django-APP-管理员设置"><a href="#Django-APP-管理员设置" class="headerlink" title="Django APP 管理员设置"></a>Django APP 管理员设置</h3><p>修改 config/default.py 的 INIT_SUPERUSER 配置，填写用户名列表，默认值是应用创建人，列表中的人员将拥有预发布环境和正式环境的管理员权限。需要注意的是，该配置需要在首次提测和上线前修改，之后的修改将不会生效。 如果不小心将唯一的管理员权限去掉了，有两种方式新增管理员：</p>
<ul>
<li>通过 migrations 实现</li>
</ul>
<p>在你的 APP 目录下，找到 migrations 文件夹，新建文件 {INDEX}_init_superuser.py：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> django.db <span class="keyword">import</span> migrations</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> django.conf <span class="keyword">import</span> settings</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">load_data</span><span class="params">(apps, schema_editor)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    添加用户为管理员</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    """</span></span><br><span class="line">    User = apps.get_model(<span class="string">"account"</span>, <span class="string">"User"</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> name <span class="keyword">in</span> settings.INIT_SUPERUSER:</span><br><span class="line">        User.objects.update_or_create(</span><br><span class="line">            username=name,</span><br><span class="line">            defaults=&#123;<span class="string">'is_staff'</span>: <span class="literal">True</span>, <span class="string">'is_active'</span>: <span class="literal">True</span>, <span class="string">'is_superuser'</span>: <span class="literal">True</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">        )</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Migration</span><span class="params">(migrations.Migration)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    dependencies = [</span><br><span class="line">        (<span class="string">'&#123;APP&#125;'</span>, <span class="string">'&#123;APP_LAST_MIGRATION&#125;'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    ]</span><br><span class="line">    operations = [</span><br><span class="line">        migrations.RunPython(load_data)</span><br><span class="line">    ]</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>其中，{APP} 表示你的当前 APP，{APP_LAST_MIGRATION} 表示当前 mirgations 文件中最新一个文件名（如 “0003_auto_20180301_1732”），{INDEX} 表示最新一个文件名的前缀数字加 1（如 “0003_auto_20180301_1732” 的前缀数字是 “0003”，那么 {INDEX} 设置为 “0004”）。</p>
<ul>
<li>通过 views 实现</li>
</ul>
<p>在你的 APP 目录的 views 文件中，添加如下代码：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> django.conf <span class="keyword">import</span> settings</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> django.http <span class="keyword">import</span> HttpResponse</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> blueapps.account <span class="keyword">import</span> get_user_model</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">load_data</span><span class="params">(request)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    添加用户为管理员</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    """</span></span><br><span class="line">    User = get_user_model()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> name <span class="keyword">in</span> settings.INIT_SUPERUSER:</span><br><span class="line">        User.objects.update_or_create(</span><br><span class="line">            username=name,</span><br><span class="line">            defaults=&#123;<span class="string">'is_staff'</span>: <span class="literal">True</span>, <span class="string">'is_active'</span>: <span class="literal">True</span>, <span class="string">'is_superuser'</span>: <span class="literal">True</span>&#125;</span><br><span class="line">        )</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">return</span> HttpResponse(<span class="string">'Success'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>然后配置一条 URL 路由规则到该 view，提测、上线后访问对应 URL 就可以初始化管理员了。</p>
<h2 id="配置修改指引"><a href="#配置修改指引" class="headerlink" title="配置修改指引"></a>配置修改指引</h2><h3 id="settings-主要配置"><a href="#settings-主要配置" class="headerlink" title="settings 主要配置"></a>settings 主要配置</h3><p><strong>注意</strong>：不要修改 settings.py ，配置项修改请在 config 目录下的文件中进行。</p>
<p>其中，如果修改 config/default.py 配置项对所有的运行环境生效（正式环境、预发布环境、本地环境）； 修改 config/prod.py 配置项只会对正式环境生效； 修改 config/stag.py 配置项只会对预发布环境生效； 修改 config/dev.py 配置项只会对本地开发环境生效； 在多人开发时，为了避免 config/dev.py 中的配置互相影响，每个开发者都可以在项目根目录下新增 local_settings.py 文件，来添加各开发者不同的本地开发配置，如 DATABASES，并在提交代码时忽略 local_settings.py 文件。</p>
<ul>
<li>自定义 Django APP</li>
</ul>
<p>请修改 config/default.py 的 INSTALLED_APPS</p>
<ul>
<li>自定义中间件</li>
</ul>
<p>请修改 config/default.py 的 MIDDLEWARE</p>
<ul>
<li>自定义数据库</li>
</ul>
<p>如无必要请不要覆盖默认 default 数据库，正式环境和预发布环境分别修改 config/prod.py 和 config/stag.py，使用 DATABASES.update() 方法。 本地环境请修改 config/dev.py 的 DATABASES。</p>
<ul>
<li>自定义日志级别</li>
</ul>
<p>日志级别默认是 INFO，如需修改：</p>
<ol>
<li><p>所有环境下的日志级别，请在 config/default.py 对应位置修改日志级别：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">LOG_LEVEL = <span class="string">"DEBUG"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># load logging settings</span></span><br><span class="line">LOGGING = get_logging_config_dict(locals())</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
<li><p>如果只希望针对特定环境进行日志级别设置，则在对应环境配置文件（ config/prod.py（只影响生产环境）、config/stag.py（只影响预发布环境）、config/dev.py（只影响预本地开发环境））中取消对应代码注释并修改日志级别：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 自定义本地环境日志级别</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> blueapps.conf.log <span class="keyword">import</span> set_log_level <span class="comment"># noqa</span></span><br><span class="line">LOG_LEVEL = <span class="string">"DEBUG"</span></span><br><span class="line">LOGGING = set_log_level(locals())</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><strong>注意</strong>: 这种修改方式依赖 blueapps 版本 &gt;= 3.3.1。</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>其中，不同配置的含义如下：</p>
<ol>
<li>DEBUG：用于调试目的的底层系统信息</li>
<li>INFO：普通的系统信息</li>
<li>WARNING：表示出现一个较小的问题。</li>
<li>ERROR：表示出现一个较大的问题。</li>
<li>CRITICAL：表示出现一个致命的问题。</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>静态资源版本号更新</li>
</ul>
<p>修改 config/default.py 的 STATIC_VERSION。</p>
<ul>
<li>添加 celery 任务</li>
</ul>
<p>把 celery 任务模块加入 config/default.py 的 CELERY_IMPORTS。</p>
<ul>
<li>初始化管理员列表</li>
</ul>
<p>请修改 config/default.py 的 INIT_SUPERUSER，列表中的人员将拥有预发布环境和正式环境的管理员权限。请在首次提测和上线前修改，之后的修改将不会生效。</p>
<ul>
<li>自定义其他 Django 支持的配置</li>
</ul>
<p>请直接在 config/default.py 添加需要的配置覆盖默认值。</p>
<h3 id="使用-settings-配置"><a href="#使用-settings-配置" class="headerlink" title="使用 settings 配置"></a>使用 settings 配置</h3><p>在 Django 应用中，可以通过导入 django.conf.settings 对象来使用设置。例如：</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> django.conf <span class="keyword">import</span> settings</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> settings.DEBUG:</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># Do something</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><strong>注意</strong>：django.conf.settings 不是一个模块 —— 它是一个对象。所以不可以导入每个单独的设置</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> django.conf.settings <span class="keyword">import</span> DEBUG  <span class="comment"># This won't work.</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><strong>注意</strong>：你的代码不应该从 config.default.py 或其他设置文件中导入。django.conf.settings 抽象出默认设置和站点特定设置的概念；它表示一个单一的接口。它还可以将代码从你的设置所在的位置解耦出来。</p>
<h2 id="自定义-middleware-中间件"><a href="#自定义-middleware-中间件" class="headerlink" title="自定义 middleware(中间件)"></a>自定义 middleware(中间件)</h2><ul>
<li>default.py 配置如下</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">MIDDLEWARE += (</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 你的中间件</span></span><br><span class="line">)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><strong>注意</strong>：django1.10 开始，中间件配置项使用 <strong><code>MIDDLEWARE</code></strong> ，1.10 以下版本使用的 MIDDLEWARE_CLASSES 配置项会在 django2.0 后不再被支持。</p>
<ul>
<li>midlleware 开发</li>
</ul>
<p>使用 MIDDLEWARE 配置项开发你的 middleware。</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> django.utils.deprecation <span class="keyword">import</span> MiddlewareMixin</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">MyCustomMiddleware</span><span class="params">(MiddlewareMixin)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="comment"># 中间件支持的方法依然不变</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">process_request</span><span class="params">(request)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        ...</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">process_view</span><span class="params">(request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        ...</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">process_template_response</span><span class="params">(request, response)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        ...</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">process_response</span><span class="params">(request, response)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        ...</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">process_exception</span><span class="params">(request, exception)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        ...</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><strong>注意</strong>： 你的 middleware 类必须继承 django 的 MiddlewareMixin，同时你的 middleware 尽量不要去重写 <code>__call__</code> 和 <code>__init__</code> 方法，参考<a href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en//topics/http/middleware/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">官方文档</a>。</p>
<h2 id="公共方法"><a href="#公共方法" class="headerlink" title="公共方法"></a>公共方法</h2><h3 id="blueapps-utils-logger"><a href="#blueapps-utils-logger" class="headerlink" title="blueapps.utils.logger"></a>blueapps.utils.logger</h3><p>提供常用的 logger,logger_celery</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> blueapps.util.logger <span class="keyword">import</span> logger         <span class="comment"># 普通日志</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> blueapps.util.logger <span class="keyword">import</span> logger_celery  <span class="comment"># celery日志</span></span><br><span class="line">logger.error(<span class="string">'log your info here.'</span>)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>


<hr>
<p>参考链接：<br><a href="https://bk.tencent.com/docs/document/5.1/19/4318" target="_blank" rel="noopener">腾讯蓝鲸开发框架 2.0 使用进阶</a></p>

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